Ecclesiastes (Qoheleth) is a philosophical reflection on the meaning of life. In a pessimistic tone, it explores the vanity of human pursuits (‘vanity of vanities’) and the limitations of wisdom. The narrator (‘the Teacher’) concludes that fearing God and keeping His commandments is the ultimate purpose, despite life’s fleeting nature.

Author: Anonymous; ancient tradition often ascribes it to Solomon, but clues suggest it may have been written later (though we cite tradition).

Date Written: Traditionally Solomon (10th century BCE), but linguistic clues hint at a later date. Many scholars still cite an early date (e.g., c.935 BCE).

Context: Wisdom literature addressing existential questions, possibly written in a time of relative stability (Solomon’s era) or recorded later to convey a sober perspective on life. It stands out for its raw honesty about life’s frustrations.